Table 4 Prenatal history, birth, early postnatal behavior and feeding. [A] nominal variables (N and %), and [B] quantitative variables (mean ± SD, range). Sample size: N = 70 unless otherwise specified
A. variable (sample size) | N | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
Spontaneous abortions (N = 65) | 0–1 spontaneous abortions | 62 | 88.6% |
2 or more spontaneous abortions | 3 | 4.3% | |
Difficulty at conception (N = 63) | No difficulty reported | 53 | 75.7% |
Delayed conception (> 6 months) | 9 | 12.9% | |
In vitro fertilization | 1 | 1.4% | |
Prenatal obstetric complications | Absent | 36 | 51.4% |
Present | 34 | 48.6% | |
• Early bleedings (I trimester) | 11 | 15.7% | |
• Early contractions (I trimester) | 2 | 2.9% | |
• Late bleedings (III trimester) | 1 | 1.4% | |
• Late contractions (III trimester) | 1 | 1.4% | |
• Gestational diabetes | 1 | 1.4% | |
• Immune activation due to infection or allergies | 1 | 1.4% | |
• IntraUterine Growth Retardation | 3 | 4.3% | |
• Isthmic cervical incontinence | 1 | 1.4% | |
• Placenta previa | 1 | 1.4% | |
• Preterm placental calcifications | 1 | 1.4% | |
• Placental abruption | 1 | 1.4% | |
• Two or more complications | 10 | 14.3% | |
Pharmacological treatments during pregnancy | No drug treatment | 42 | 60.0% |
Treatment for obstetric complication | 17 | 24.3% | |
Drugs for other medical conditions | 9 | 12.9% | |
Both obstetric and medical treatments | 2 | 2.9% | |
Pregnancy duration | Born at term (37–42 wks) | 55 | 78.6% |
Post-term (> 42 wks or induced at 41–42 wks) | 8 | 11.4% | |
Late preterm (34- < 37 wks) | 7 | 10.0% | |
Delivery | Eutocic | 30 | 42.9% |
Dystocic | 4 | 5.7% | |
Labor induction | 7 | 10.0% | |
Programmed cesarean section | 20 | 28.6% | |
Emergency cesarean section | 9 | 12.9% | |
Postnatal obstetric complications | No complications | 35 | 50.0% |
Minor (no need for intensive care) | 19 | 27.1% | |
Major (admitted to intensive care) | 16 | 22.9% | |
Breastfeeding | Baby was breastfed | 40 | 57.1% |
No breastfeeding for maternal issues | 8 | 11.4% | |
No breastfeeding for baby issues | 22 | 31.4% | |
Strength in sucking milk | Normal strength in sucking milk | 40 | 57.1% |
Weak sucking behavior | 30 | 42.9% | |
Coordination in swallowing (N = 69) | Coordinated swallowing | 51 | 73.9% |
Uncoordinated swallowing | 18 | 26.1% | |
Gastroesophageal reflux (N = 68) | Absent | 43 | 61.4% |
Present | 25 | 35.7% | |
Weaning | Difficulty with chewing and swallowing semisolid foods | 30 | 42.9% |
B. Variable | N | Mean | Range |
Birth weight (kg) | 70 | 3.15 ± 0.55 | 1.5–4.4 |
Birth length (cm) | 65 | 49.35 ± 2.33 | 41.0–54.0 |
Apgar score at 1 min | 61 | 8.64 ± 1.55 | 2–10 |
Apgar score at 5 min | 59 | 9.46 ± 1.30 | 3–10 |
Breastfeeding duration (months) | 56 | 7.76 ± 8.77 | 0.4–36 |