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Table 3 Association between UFAs and genetic clusters

From: Association between rare, genetic variants linked to autism and ultrasonography fetal anomalies in children with autism spectrum disorder

UFA type

Mutation type

 

N (%)

Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) a

95% CI

Any UFA

(N = 43)

Cluster 1

No

42(36.5)

Ref.

 

Yes

1(9.1)

0.16

0.02–1.32

Cluster 2

No

37(33.0)

Ref.

 

Yes

6(42.9)

1.64

0.52–5.14

Cluster 3

No

34(30.9)

Ref.

 

Yes

9(56.3)

2.87

0.98–8.44

Cluster 4

No

29(29.3)

Ref.

 

Yes

14(51.9)

2.76

1.14–6.68

Structural anomalies

(N = 20)

Cluster 1

No

119(16.5)

Ref.

 

Yes

1(9.1)

0.50

0.06–4.14

Cluster 2

No

16(14.3)

Ref.

 

Yes

4(28.6)

2.46

0.68–8.86

Cluster 3

No

16(14.5)

Ref.

 

Yes

4(25.0)

1.95

0.56–6.81

Cluster 4

No

11(11.1)

Ref.

 

Yes

9(33.3)

4.07

1.47–11.30

Soft markers

(N = 26)

Cluster 1

No

25(21.7)

Ref.

 

Yes

1(9.1)

0.32

0.04–2.73

Cluster 2

No

23(20.5)

Ref.

 

Yes

3(21.4)

1.18

0.30–4.43

Cluster 3

No

20(18.2)

Ref.

 

Yes

6(37.5)

2.73

0.86–8.62

Cluster 4

No

21(21.2)

Ref.

 

Yes

5(18.5)

0.89

0.30–2.68

Head and brain

(N = 12)

Cluster 1

No

12(10.4)

Ref.

 

Yes

0(0.0)

NA

NA

Cluster 2

No

10(8.9)

Ref.

 

Yes

2(14.3)

1.73

0.34–8.92

Cluster 3

No

9(8.2)

Ref.

 

Yes

3(18.8)

2.58

0.62–10.77

Cluster 4

No

6(6.1)

Ref.

 

Yes

6(22.2)

4.50

1.31–15.42

Urinary system

(N = 14)

Cluster 1

No

14(12.2)

Ref.

 

Yes

0(0.0)

NA

NA

Cluster 2

No

12(10.7)

Ref.

 

Yes

2(14.3)

1.52

0.30–7.76

Cluster 3

No

10(9.1)

Ref.

 

Yes

4(25.0)

3.31

0.89–12.38

Cluster 4

No

9(9.1)

Ref.

 

Yes

5(18.5)

2.41

0.72–8.06

Heart

(N = 18)

Cluster 1

No

17(14.8)

Ref.

 

Yes

1(9.1)

0.55

0.07–4.63

Cluster 2

No

16(14.3)

Ref.

 

Yes

2(14.3)

1.07

0.22–5.31

Cluster 3

No

16(14.5)

Ref.

 

Yes

2(12.5)

0.82

0.17–3.98

Cluster 4

No

14(14.1)

Ref.

 

Yes

4(14.8)

1.10

0.33–3.68

  1. Ref. = Reference sample
  2. a Logistic regression, adjusted for child’s sex
  3. Boldface type indicates statistically significant aOR at α < 0.05.