Fig. 4

Parameterized frontal periodic power spectrum stratified by seizure composite and GABAergic medication use. (A) As a group, children with TSC (red, n = 49) showed significantly greater peak beta power than age- and sex- matched typically developing controls (gray, n = 49). (B) When the TSC participants were stratified by seizure severity composite, seizure severity appeared to drive the elevated peak beta power finding. The high seizure severity group (red, n = 13) showed significantly greater peak beta power than the moderate (orange, n = 23) and low (yellow, n = 12) seizure severity groups, neither of which differed significantly from typically developing controls (gray, n = 49). (C) When participants with TSC were stratified by GABAergic medication use, GABAergic medication use also appeared to drive the elevated peak beta power finding. The participants with TSC on a GABAergic medication (red dashed line, pink box plot, n = 42) showed significantly greater peak beta power than participants with TSC not on a GABAergic medication (solid red, n = 7), who were not significantly different from typically developing controls (gray, n = 49). (D) Among participants with TSC on GABAergic medication (left), those with high seizure severity (red, n = 12) showed the greatest peak beta power. Seizure severity and GABAergic medication use were independently associated with elevated peak beta power; there was no significant interaction