Visual feedback and motor memory contributions to sustained motor control deficits in autism spectrum disorder across childhood and into adulthood

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of autistic individuals (ASD) and neurotypical controls (NT)

ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; NT: Neurotypical; OR: Odds ratio from Fisher’s Exact test; M: Male; F: Female; L: Left-handed; R: Right-handed; SD: Standard deviation; ADOS-CSS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale – Composite Severity Score; RBS-R: Repetitive Behavior Scale – Revised; FSIQ: Full-scale intelligence quotient; VIQ: Verbal intelligence quotient; PIQ: Perceptual intelligence quotient; BOT-2: Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition; MVC: Maximum voluntary contraction.
¹ Biological sex is used here. Three autistic participants did not identify as the sex they were assigned at birth (all assigned female). One identified as a transgender male; one as non-binary, and one as gender fluid.
² Handedness here refers to which hand the participant used for precision grip testing. Five participants either did not complete the Annett (two autistic participants) or had scores on the Annett that did not match the hand they used for writing (three NT controls).
³ Two autistic participants did not complete all four subscales of the WASI-II, so the two-subscale FSIQ was used for those participants, and PIQ and VIQ subscales were omitted for participants who did not complete both subscales required for those scores

ISSN: 1866-1955